The financial crisis has concentrated the attention in most of the countries, because of its immediate effects. We all know that it is not only a financial crisis, but an economic one, affecting the fundamentals of the economy, typical of the capitalist system. However what characterizes the present day is not only its global dimension, but the coincidence between various crises having the same logical origin.
The food soaring crisis of the years 2008 and 2009 have been strongly related to speculative forces playing on a reduction of stocks, but not so much of production. This has been a conjectural dimension of the question. Structurally it is due to gradual destruction of peasant’s agriculture to be replaced by productivist capitalist agriculture (monoculture). There is a new concentration of land property and a real counter-land reform, the agriculture becoming one of the new frontiers of accumulation. The Coastal fishery and coastal lands are being replaced by industrial fishery, industrial aqua culture and promotion of tourism, free trade zones and special economic zones. New laws have been introduced to grab the land and invest in developing countries. A double logic is at stake: rapid profits and ignorance of externalities.
The energy crisis is related with the fact that within 50 years, mankind will have to change completely of energy cycle (from fossil to other sources). This means the necessity of strong contraction of the demand and considerable investments in new technology. Already the financial crisis has retarded this last process. One immediate solution is proposed by the capital: agro fuel, which means to devote hundred of millions of hectares (mostly in the South) to monocultures of sugar canes, palm oil trees, soya, jatropha... and the expulsion of millions of peasants and communities from their land. It is clearly not a solution for the climate, because the general balance of emission of gases is not positive. It is marginal for the use of energy. But it is highly profitable on short and middle term. Again the capitalist logic is playing the dominating role: rapid accumulation and disregard of externalities.
Finally the climatic crisis, with both ever more emission of greenhouse effects and the destruction of the carbon wells (forests and oceans) is bringing about very damaging phenomena: higher temperature, with drought and famines and increasing levels of the seas. If strong measures are not taken the middle of the century could count between 150 and 200 million climatic migrants. Again this is the fruit of capitalist logic, ignoring ecological externalities (less now because it affects the rate of profit) and it has been accelerated with the neoliberal phase of capitalism (Washington’s Consensus), because of overexploitation of natural resources, more good’s circulation and individualization of behavior (transport and habitat).
Some Adaptation and Mitigation measures for Climate Change in the fisheries sector
Firstly, support to all types of fishing vessel operations that are based on alternative sources of fuel such as wind, solar power and sea waves. Demand improvements in design and in making available to the fisheries sector at no cost advancements in wind and solar energy.
Secondly, the fishing sector should scale down use of fossil fuel and seek use of propulsion techniques that are more fuel efficient. Use of natural gas, liquidified gas, etc. should be considered in fishing vessels. Fishing vessels should be granted one-time subsidy to replace all fuel-guzzling truck engines with new fuel efficient engines. These replacements are confined only to active fishing vessels. There should be some energy balance between input costs in catching and supplying fish to the market and the quantum of output, independent of market price. There should be a campaign against fish for the highest income group who can pay any price to show off their consumer power.
Thirdly, reduce the total number of fishing trips and fishing days so that total fuel consumption in the fisheries sector is brought down around 20 per cent.
Fourthly, campaign to stop indiscriminate dumping of broken pieces of nylon-webbed fishing gear at sea. The sector should also see if it can look for gear material made from non-hydrocarbon sources. Seek subsidies to promote use of such material in the fabrication of webbing.
The fish processing and marketing can reduce their dependence on carbon dioxide emissions. Reduce the carbon footprint of the transport industry between the fishing vessel and the final consumer.
In terms of adaptation, ensure better protection from coastal erosion, from high rainfall precipitation leading to flooding of fishers' habitats, latitudinal shift of fishing grounds (this may involve training in new fishing techniques, travelling greater distances for fishers to fish and fish vendors to procure fish for marketing, etc).
The sector also needs to join the campaign against acidification of oceans that might have implications for bone formation of fish as well as the survival of coral reefs.
All this is associated with a deep social and humanitarian crisis, characterized by an acceleration of social distances and encouraged by the fact that it is more profitable to invest in sophisticated products (goods and services) with a high added value able to be bought by a minority than to produce for categories with law purchasing power or with no marketable income.
Three solutions are proposed. First, to change the actors (week or incapable) and continue like before. Second, to regulate the system, more or less definitely of strongly according to the proposals and third, to find alternatives and new parameters. This is the only real post capitalist position. The question is to redefine such parameters, according to practical experiences existing partially in the whole world and to a theoretical reflexion. The parameters should envisage the fundaments of mankind’s existence on the planet: relation with nature, production of life (physical and cultural), social and political organization and world vision, including ethics.
The Small Scale Fisheries & IFAD
4SSF Bangkok,2008.
We as SSF organizations pay our gratitude to IFAD for the support for Small scale artisanal fishers to unite and raise their alternative views on;
Securing Human rights,
Securing access rights,
Securing post-harvest rights, at the Securing Small Scale Sustainable Fisheries [4SSF] conference held at Bangkok, Thailand on 13-18 October 2008.
There were 114 civil society organizations, who gathered at Thailand in October 2008, came out with their own solutions as Civil Society Statement for 4 SSF Conference which was the out come of the Civil Society Preparatory Workshop to the Global Conference on Small-Scale Fisheries (4SSF). This was lead to the present the report of Small Scale Fisher’s contribution to the 28th Session of the COFI on 2-6 March 2009 at the FAO.
Global Farmers Forum
We congratulate IFAD for their commitment to consult farmers, peasants, fishers, women in all the sectors as well as the rural youth prior to the IFAD governing body council. This will be a good opportunity to learn the concerns of the small scale food producers, women and youth in many of the developing and developed countries. We have seriously discussed about the issues of the poor and marginalized communities in the world due to the multiple crises of financial, soaring food prices and the climatic crises in the world. Much have been proposed and have adopted certain measures as solutions too. The saddest part is the negligence of basic understandings, conventions, etc. by the powerful countries putting the vulnerable groups in to further crisis and serious danger.
However, we demand from IFAD governing body to consider the following;
1. IFAD engage to promote Land Reform and Aquatic Reform schemes so that small farmers and small fishers and all the small food producers will be feeding the humanity with cheap and nutritious food. This will eventually leads to end rural poverty in the developing countries. The ICARRD process which initiated in Brazil, 2007 would be a good starting point, particularly for Asia and Africa.
2. IFAD must promote to produce energy that is not polluting the mother earth, like solar energy, wind energy contributing the solution to energy crisis and also as a solution to the climatic changes.
3. We believe, Small farmers and small fishers are the back bone of every country, and they promote FOOD SOVERIEGNTY of Every country. IFAD should help them to continue their lives and livelihoods in a sustainable manner.
4. Article 6.18 of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries goes much further by recognizing the important role of small-scale and artisanal fisheries in providing the economic needs of coastal fishing communities in the realms of culture, employment , income and food sovereignty. It requests States to protect the rights of fishers and fish workers, especially in subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fisheries to a secure and just livelihood. States are further requested to protect the rights of subsistence, small-scale and artisanal fishers to preferential access to traditional fishing grounds.
5. Support to the initiatives of the small food producer organization’s solutions for the energy crisis and soaring food prices crisis to come out from it.
6. While acknowledging some support to small food producer organizations in the past, we demand from IFAD to support further to strengthen the small scale food producer organizations in independent manner to advocate their rights.
We do hope, the out come of the FAFO will be a reference point to the IFAD governing body when they gather after this forum & consider the important proposals came out from the Farmers Forum.
Thank You,
Herman Kumara, General Secretary-World Forum of Fisher Peoples’[WFFP]
15.02.2010.
Wednesday, March 10, 2010
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